Authorship Criteria

Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana (ORLI) recognizes authorship as both credit for scholarly work and a responsibility for the integrity of the published research. Authorship must reflect actual intellectual or scholarly contributions to the manuscript and must not be granted solely on the basis of academic position, seniority, institutional affiliation, financial support, or supervisory status. This principle follows COPE's guidance that journals should clearly define authorship criteria and distinguish authors from individuals whose contributions should instead be acknowledged.

Source: COPE Discussion Document: Authorship.

To promote responsible authorship, ORLI adopts the following criteria, informed by COPE's discussion of established authorship standards and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria. Each listed author must satisfy all of the following requirements:

a. Substantial scholarly contribution. The author must have made a substantial contribution to the conception or design of the study, the acquisition of research data, or the analysis or interpretation of the data.

b. Manuscript preparation or critical revision. The author must have drafted the manuscript or critically revised it for important intellectual content.

c. Final approval. The author must have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript submitted for publication.

d. Accountability. The author must agree to be accountable for their own contributions and to cooperate in ensuring that questions concerning the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

All four criteria must be fulfilled. These criteria are based on the authorship framework discussed by COPE, including the ICMJE recommendations reproduced in its authorship discussion document. The criteria are adopted by ORLI as its editorial policy and should not be interpreted as a claim that COPE independently created the four-part framework.

Source: COPE Discussion Document: Authorship, Version 2, September 2019.

Individuals who do not meet all authorship criteria must not be listed as authors merely because they provided funding, general supervision, administrative support, routine technical assistance, language editing, data collection without substantial intellectual involvement, or other limited services. Where appropriate and with the individual's permission, such contributions may be recognized in the Acknowledgments section. Acknowledgments must accurately describe the contribution and must not be used to conceal an individual's qualifying authorship or imply endorsement without consent.

Source: COPE Discussion Document: Authorship.

All authors must disclose their respective contributions to the research and manuscript. ORLI encourages the use of a contributor statement that identifies each author's role in study conceptualization, methodology, data collection, formal analysis, investigation, writing, critical revision, supervision, or other relevant activities. The contribution statement must accurately represent the work performed by each author.

The corresponding author is responsible for coordinating communication with the editorial office, providing complete and accurate author information, confirming that all authors have approved the manuscript, and communicating editorial decisions and requests to the co-authors. The corresponding author must not add, remove, or reorder authors without the required agreement of all affected authors.

COPE recommends that journals clearly state their authorship policies, consider obtaining authorship declarations, and request information about individual contributions to help prevent authorship disputes.

Source: COPE Discussion Document: Authorship.

The order of authors must be agreed upon by all authors before submission. The order should reflect the authors' relative scholarly contributions and any disciplinary conventions agreed upon by the research team. ORLI does not determine author order solely on the basis of academic rank, institutional hierarchy, or supervisory position. The authors are responsible for resolving disagreements concerning author order and documenting their agreement.

Source: COPE Discussion Document: Authorship.

ORLI does not permit ghost authorship, guest authorship, or gift authorship. Ghost authorship occurs when an individual who has made a qualifying contribution is omitted from the author list. Guest or gift authorship occurs when an individual is listed as an author despite not meeting the applicable authorship criteria. Authors must not include or exclude individuals to manipulate academic recognition, satisfy institutional expectations, or misrepresent contributions.

When authorship concerns arise, ORLI may request a detailed explanation of individual contributions, an authorship declaration, or other relevant evidence. If the concern cannot be resolved satisfactorily, the journal may suspend peer review or publication while the matter is investigated, following the applicable COPE guidance.

Source: COPE Flowchart: Ghost, Guest, or Gift Authorship in a Submitted Manuscript.

Any request to add, remove, or reorder authors after manuscript submission must be submitted in writing to the editorial office with a clear explanation of the reasons for the change. The request must include written agreement from all authors affected by the change and confirmation from all authors that they agree with the revised author list and contribution statement.

ORLI may suspend the editorial process until the authorship change has been agreed upon. If the authors disagree, or if there is a reasonable concern about the legitimacy of the request, the journal may seek clarification and, where appropriate, refer the matter to the relevant institution(s). The journal will follow the applicable COPE flowchart for authorship changes.

Source: COPE Flowchart: Addition of an Extra Author Before Publication.

At submission, the corresponding author must confirm that all listed authors meet ORLI's authorship criteria, have approved the submitted manuscript, and agree to its submission to ORLI. The corresponding author must also confirm that no individual who qualifies for authorship has been omitted and that the contribution statement is accurate.

ORLI may request an authorship declaration or written confirmation from individual authors when necessary to verify authorship, resolve discrepancies, or investigate suspected publication ethics concerns.

Source: COPE Discussion Document: Authorship.

If a dispute arises concerning authorship eligibility, author order, omitted contributors, or unauthorized inclusion, ORLI will request clarification and supporting information from the relevant parties. The journal may pause peer review or publication while the issue is being addressed. Where the dispute cannot be resolved by the authors, the journal may refer the matter to the relevant institution(s), which are generally better placed to investigate the underlying research relationships and contributions.

COPE's guidance recognizes that journals may have limited ability to resolve authorship disputes independently and provides procedures for handling suspected authorship problems. Editorial action will be proportionate to the evidence and the stage of the publication process.

Source: COPE Flowchart: Ghost, Guest, or Gift Authorship in a Submitted Manuscript.

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including generative AI systems, cannot be listed as authors because they cannot assume the responsibilities, provide the required approvals, or be held accountable as human authors. Authors remain responsible for verifying the accuracy, originality, references, and integrity of all manuscript content, including content produced or assisted by AI tools.

Where required by ORLI's applicable editorial policy, authors must transparently disclose the use of AI tools in manuscript preparation, including the tool used and the purpose of its use. AI assistance must not be used to fabricate data, invent references, conceal plagiarism, or misrepresent research findings. Human authors retain full responsibility for the submitted work.

This section is an ORLI editorial policy intended to support transparency and accountability. It should not be read as a quotation of a specific COPE authorship rule. Authors must also comply with any separate journal policy on AI-assisted writing and research.

Failure to comply with this policy may result in a request for clarification or correction of the author list, suspension of peer review or publication, referral to the relevant institution(s), or other appropriate editorial action. Any decision will take into account the evidence available, the seriousness of the concern, the responses of the authors, and the applicable publication ethics guidance.

Source: COPE Flowchart: Ghost, Guest, or Gift Authorship in a Submitted Manuscript.